CONTACT US
SERVICES
SUPPORT
TRAINING
Questions to consider before prescribing device:
Just whose life is being assisted?
In what ways are person's life being assisted?
Whose life is being made more work?
Whose needs are being addressed?
Who is the consumer?
Does the consumer want a change?
Does someone else want a change?
Is it worth effort for person to use device?
What options does individual have if he or she doesn't use the device?
(Enders, 1984)
Other questions to consider when attempting to affect a match between a person, a technology, and their environments . . .
Who is being assessed?
What are their goals?
What tasks will they need to perform?
In what organization?
What is the organization's personality like?
-rules
-structures
-attitudes
What are the organization's resources?
What is the organization's environment?
(R. Reed, 1993)
FUNDING SOURCES
Primary Funding Sources
Special Education
Medicare
Medicaid
Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers
Vocational Rehabilitation Program
Other State and Federal Sources
State Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired
P.L. 89-313
Chapter I
Chapter II
Physically Handicapped Children's Program (PHCP)
P.A.S.S.: Plan to Achieve Self-Support
TRAID-IN Equipment Loan Program
Worker's Compensation
Veterans Administration
Secondary Funding Sources
__________________________________________
Private Insurance
Private Corporations/Groups/Disability Specific Organizations
Trust Funds
Local Civic and Service Groups
Fund Raisers
Wishmakers
Public Appeals
Special Education
Education of Handicapped Act (P.L. 94-142), Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 100-476)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1991 (P.L. 102-119)
Mission: To provide services to children ages three to 21 years so that they receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment.
Oversight by Department of Education
Entitlement Program (FAPE)
Assistive technology included in the Individualized Education Plan (I.E.P.) must be provided by the school district
Recent developments:
-Assistive technology now defined in federal (but not in New York legislation)
-Clarifications by Office of Special Education Programs (O.S.E.P. - Shrag letters) regarding AT in the IEP and the child's right to take devices home.
Medicare
Title XVIII of the Social Security Act
Mission: To provide a federal health insurance program for individuals who are 65 years of age and older and persons with disabilities
Federal government contracts with private insurance organizations to make Medicare payments.
-Part A: Hospital insurance benefits
-Part B: Supplemental medical insurance benefits (physician & outpatient services
Requirement for items and services provided:
-must be reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury, OR
-must improve, restore, or overcome the disabling effects of the person's impairment through restoration of the person's functional capabilities
Requests and appeals are made to County Departments of Health
Determinations are not standard from county to county - follow rules and requirements of your particular County.
Medicaid
Title XIX of the Social Security Act. New York Statute:___________________
Mission: To provide medical and health care assistance to individuals who are elderly, blind, or disabled, and to low-income families with children whose income and resources are insufficient to meet the costs of necessary care and services.
States that choose to reimburse certain costs of medical care for qualified needy persons receive federal financial assistance for services specified in a state plan approved by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
Oversight by Department of Human Services
Administered by County Social Service Agencies
Federal-state, income-tested program
2 critical concepts for Durable Medical Equipment (DME) coverage
- Requirement of "medical necessity"
- The health service must be recognized as the prevailing standard or current practice by the provider's peer group
Appeal if denied - request a fair hearing
Primary Initial Resource: TRAID Project's "Medicaid As a Funding Source" brochure.
Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers
P.L. 99-457 subgrant program, authorized under IDEA, part B, Section 1419. New York Law Section 4410(9)
Mission: To provide services to children from birth through age two through a statewide, coordinated interagency program of services
Lead Agency: Department of Health
Entitlement program
Individual Family Service Plan (I.F.S.P.) required for each child
Assistive technology should be included in the I.F.S.P. when appropriate
Vocational Rehabilitation Program
Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992: P.L. 102-569
New York Statute: _____
Mission: To provide vocational services and coordinate lifelong educational services for individuals with disabilities to assist in expanding and enhancing their opportunities to live and work independently in their communities.
Oversight by Office of Vocational Educational Services for Individuals with Disabilities (VESID)
Eligibility: VESID Counselor will work with applicant to gather information necessary to determine if the individual meets eligibility criteria:
-Individual has a physical or mental impairment that is a substantial impediment to employment; and,
-there is a reasonable expectation that services will assist individual to achieve employment
-Individual requires vocational rehabilitation services to prepare for, enter, engage in, or retain gainful employment.
Individual Written Rehabilitation Plan (I.W.R.P.) prepared by counselor with the individual.
Offices and counselors statewide
Client Assistance Program available for appeals
Services include:
-Vocational Evaluations
-Career planning and Vocational Counseling
-Restoration services and/or adaptive equipment to remove or reduce limitations related to employment
-Job skills training through a variety of activities and programs.
-Other
VESID support for rehabilitation technology will be based on specific procedures.
Contact 518-486-4609 for local VESID office in your region.
Independent Living Program
P.L. 99-506; New York Statute:
Mission: To provide services to enable individuals with disabilities to increase significantly their vocational, personal and financial independence, with special attention to individuals with more severe disabilities. The primary focus in on consumer control.
Oversight by VESID
Criteria:
-Must have a severe disability which results in functional limitation
-Device or service must lead to increased independence
No income limitations
Part A. Comprehensive Services
-Housing
-Transportation
-Attendant Care
-Prosthetic and other adaptive devices
-Other
Part B. Independent Living Centers
-__ centers in state
-Services offered by centers include:
-Development of advocacy skills
-Peer counseling
-Training to develop independent living skills
Services for the Blind & Visually Impaired (CVBH)
New York State Department of Social Services
Commission for the Blind and Visually Handicapped
Agency Description Mission
In accordance with federal and state law, regulations, and guidelines, the Commission for the Blind and Visually Handicapped (CBVH) is the designated agency responsible for the administration of programs and services to legally blind individuals which enhance independence and facilitate opportunities for participation in the community.
Service Delivery Structure
CBVH provides a range of services for individuals who are legally blind through the independent living and vocational rehabilitation provisions of the federal Rehabilitation Act, as well as through state-funded programs serving children and older individuals who are blind. In each of eight district offices located throughout the state, rehabilitations counselors accept and review applications for services.
The CBVH intake process uses a common application for all programs. A rehabilitation counselor explains the variety of services available through CBVH and obtains information necessary to access eligibility.
A vocational rehabilitation counselor determines eligibility for services. Individuals may be eligible for vocational rehabilitation services, or referred to either the Independent Living Services program or an appropriate state-funded program, depending on the age of the applicant.
These state-funded services are provided through contracts with private rehabilitation agencies throughout New York State. For children, each district office has a children's consultant who acts as a case coordinator, provides assistance to parents and family members, and serves as an advisor in the development of a child's Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) with the school district.
Independent living services are provided by a designated rehabilitation counselor at each of the eight CBVH district offices.
Vocational Rehabilitation Services/Programs
Eligibility for Services
An applicant must be legally blind to be considered for any CBVH program. Legal blindness is defined as visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with best correction; and/or a visual field of no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye. Working with the applicant, the CBVH rehabilitation counselor gathers information to determine whether the individual's disability impedes functional capabilities.
The two federally mandated criteria for determining eligibility for vocational rehabilitation services are:
1) the presence of disability (for CBVH purposes this disability must be legal blindness) which constitutes or results in a substantial handicap to employment; and
2) a reasonable expectation that vocational rehabilitation services will benefit the individual in terms of employability.
A substantial handicap exists when legal blindness, and any other disabilities present, significantly interferes with the opportunity to obtain suitable employment, or the ability to retain employment.
If an applicant is not eligible for CBVH VR services, the individual is considered for the other programs administered by CBVH.
To be eligible for one of the state-funded programs for children or older persons, an individual must not be eligible for VR services, and:
1) Be legally blind.
2) Meet the age requirement. That is, either reach age 55 during that state fiscal year (for the older blind services program) or be under the age of 21.
3) Be a legal resident of New York State.
To be eligible for the Independent Living Services program,the legally blind individual must be not eligible for the VR program and not receiving services through one of the state-funded programs. In addition, the individual must meet the following criteria:
be an individual with a severe impairment whose ability to function independently in the family or community, or whose ability to obtain, maintain, or advance in employment is severely limited; and,
for whom the delivery of independent living services will improve the ability to function, continue functioning, or move toward functioning independently in the family or community, or to continue in employment, respectively.
General Programs and Services
1) Vocational Rehabilitation Program
2) Vocational counseling and guidance is an ongoing service provided throughout the rehabilitation process. Other services may include:
• An Assessment for Determining Eligibility and Vocational Rehabilitation Needs
• Maintenance
• Transportation
• Equipment
• Services to Family Members
• Interpreter Services for Hearing Impaired Applicants and Clients
• Interpreter Services for Non-English Speaking Applicants and Clients
• Reader Services
• Rehabilitation Teaching
• Orientation and Mobility
• Low Vision Evaluations and Devices
• Personal Assistance Services
• Consultation Services
• Medical Services
• Technology-Related Services
• Educational and Vocational Training
• Placement Services
• Post-Employment Services necessary for the client to achieve the vocational goal
• Other Goods and Services necessary for the client to achieve the vocational goal
2) The state-funded programs for children and older persons respond to the needs of those persons who are legally blind but not eligible for VR services by providing the following services.
• Low Vision Evaluations and Devices
• Social Casework for clients and family members
• Rehabilitation Teaching
• Orientation and Mobility
• Adaptive Equipment
• Diagnostic evaluations are also provided to children needing such services.
3) The Independent Living Services Program provides the following services:
• Rehabilitation Teaching
• Orientation and Mobility
• Low Vision Evaluations and Devices
• Adaptive Equipment
• Social Casework for clients and family members
CBVH also administers a statewide Business Enterprise Program under the federal Randolph-Sheppard Act. This program provides qualified legally blind individuals with opportunities to operate a variety of retail businesses and food service facilities on federal, state, municipal and provite properties. The average income of a manager of one of these businesses is over $20,000 annually. Any person eligible for the Vocational Rehabilitation program may apply for training leading to licensing as a program member and placement in a business facility.
Assistive Technology Services
CBVH has nine Adaptive Technology Centers which providing the following services:
1. Assessment Services: Provides preliminary functional information about a client, an evaluation of his/her micro-computer skills and knowledge, and exposure to and the ability for the client to have hands on experience with various types of micro-computer based access technologies. Results in a final assessment report containing either an adaptive equipment recommendation and training proposal or a recommendation for other types of services.
2. Training Services: Provides training on a complete adaptive equipment system as specified for each individual client which at minimun covers routine equipment maintenance and trouble shooting, proficiency in the function and use of adaptive equipment, proficiency in the function and operation of the computer, a demonstrated ability to utilize the technical documentation provided with the system, proficiency in the use of the recommended system operating software, and a basic proficiency in up to two types of recommended application software (such as word processing and data base software). Results in a final training report and a client work portfolio meant to be a product which can be shared with prospective or current employers.
3. Job/Education Site Evaluation: Allows an adaptive technology center technical consultant to visit a client's job or education site in a company of a CBVH counselor in order to establish a technical profile of the site, determine any site interface of communication standards, look at the issues or considerations posed by site specific software, and to identify if possible an on-site technical liaison. Results in a final evaluation report which may include an equipment recommendation if the client has already completed an assessment at an adaptive technology center or currently has equipment but requires additional items specific to job performance at the site.
4. Job/Education Site Installation: Allows an adaptive technology center technical consultant to visit a client's job or education site in order to install the client's equipment configuration and ensure that it interacts effectively with the conditions of the site. May be used to identify if possible an on-site technical liaison if one has not already been identified. Establishes an on-site meeting two weeks after successful installation to verify that equipment is continuing to function as required. Results in a final installation report.
CBVH Points of Contact
The nine Adaptive Technology Centers are located at the following addresses:
SUNY Buffalo Association f/t Blind and Visually
515 Kimball Tower Impaired
Buffalo, NY 14214 422 South Clinton Avenue
(716) 829-3141 Rochester, NY 14620
(716) 232-6707
Aurora of Central New York Central Association f/t Blind and
616 S. Salina Street Visually Impaired
Syracuse, NY 13202 507 Kent Street
(315) 422-7263 Utica, NY 13501
(315) 797-2233
Northeastern Association of the Blind The Lighthouse Inc.
301 Washington Avenue 800 Second Avenue
Albany, NY 12206 New York, NY 10017
(518) 463-1211 (212) 808-0110
Westchester Lighthouse Helen Keller Serv.f/t Blind
44 Church Street 57 Willoughby Street
White Plains, NY 10601 Brooklyn, NY 11201
(914) 761-3221 (718) 522-2122
Helen Keller Serv. f/t Blind
320 Fulton Avenue
Hempstead, NY 11550
(516) 485-1234
CBVH also provides any hardware and/or software required by an individual to perform a job or participate in training.
P.L. 99-506; New York Statute: ______
1986 Amendments: The preliminary diagnostic study must include, where appropriate, "evaluations by qualified personnel of the potential to benefit from rehabilitation engineering services."
Plan to Achieve Self-Support (P.A.S.S.)
Title XVI U.S. Code, Section 1612(b)(4)(BIV) Section 1613(a)(4)
Mission: To enable people with disabilities to put aside money for items and services that will assist in achieving an occupational goal, including assistive devices, without losing eligibility for benefits.
Oversight by Social Security Administration (S.S.A.)
Available to individuals eligible for Supplemental Security Income (S.S.I.) to assist with anything connected to a work goal.
Examples:
John
Goal: to start his own business
Needs: Evaluation and fabrication of adaptive equipment
Funding Sources: SSI - $207 SSDI - 0 Other - $200
PASS Plan: Put aside $200 per month toward goal
Income: (As now perceived by S.S.A.): $207
With PASS, SSI would increase to $407 per month.
Alice
Goal: Small Business Owner
Needs: Evaluation and fabrication of adaptive and non-adaptive equipment
Funding Sources: SSI - 0 SSDI - $500 Other - 0
PASS Plan: Put aside $500 per month toward goal
Income: (As now perceived by S.S.A.): $0
With PASS, would become eligible for SSI: $407 per month
Right to appeal the decision - denial letter from Social Security explains what to do to request an appeal
Physically Handicapped Children's Program (PHCP)
PHCP grew out of the Children's Court Act of 1925 which expanded health care services for children with disabilities throughout New York State
Mission: To help families pay for medical care for children with sever long term health problems.
Oversight by New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH)
Eligibility Program:
-children under 21 years of age
-resides in New York State
-has a physically handicapping condition or chronic illness
-family meets financial eligibility requirements
Offices and case management services statewide in each county, e.g.,
Albany County Health Department - 518-447-4615
Saratoga County PHC Program - 518-584-7460
Schenectady County PHC Program - 518-382-3446
Schoharie County Health Department - 518-295-8174
Funds may pay for
-rehabilitation services and equipment
-diagnostic treatment
-medications
Equipment Distribution Program
TRAID-IN Equipment Exchange Program:
-sponsored by the New York State Office of Advocate for the Disabled's TRAID Project.
-designed to link persons who have devices with those who do not and making them available for free or low cost.
-Advocate's office does not serve as a repository
-Advocate's Phone: 518- 474-2825 - call for brochure
Other Equipment Distribution Programs
Workers' Compensation
New York Statute:____________
Mission: To provide wage replacement, benefits for loss of body function, medical costs and rehabilitation costs to persons with physical problems either caused, aggravated, precipitated or accelerated by work activity or the work environment
Oversight by the Department of Labor and Industry
Assistive technology can be included as part of medical or rehabilitative benefits.
Veterans Administration Medical Center
U.S. Code, Title 38, Chapter 17
Mission: The Veterans Administration is an agency of the federal government and provides funds for services to veterans
Entitlement varies according to individual eligibility of a veteran
Can provide assistive devices for service-connected and some non-service connected disabilities
Secondary Funding Sources
Private Insurance
•Coverage varies among insurers
•Requirement of medical necessity
•Prior approval often required
•Usually 80% coverage
•Appeal if denied!
Private Corporations/Groups/Disability Specific, Advocacy Organizations
- U.C.P. equipment loan program
- National Christina Foundation
- National Easter Seals Society Loan Program
Trust Funds
Local Civic and Service Groups
- Lions
- Kiwanis
Fund Raisers
Wishmakers
Public Appeals
The Foundation Directory
see accompanying handouts on grantsmanship and fundraising
Waiver Programs
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981
Oversight by Department of Human Services
Administered by County Social Service Agencies
Provide Alternative Services
Determine Eligibility based on individual's income only (not income of parent or spouse)
May include assistive technology and home modification
Community Alternative Care Waiver (CAC)
Home and community based waiver
Serves individuals who are chronically ill under age 65
For individuals living in, or at risk of placement in, acute care facilities.
Cannot be Medicaid eligible
Preadmission Screening/Community Alternatives for Disabled
Prevents or delays nursing home placement
Must be applicant or resident certified nursing home and under age 65
Individuals screening to determine appropriate placement
Alternative Care Grant for Individuals Over Age 65
Similar to CADI except for individuals over age 65 at risk of placement
Six-month spend down provision
Waiver for Persons with Mental Retardation and Related Conditions
To prevent or delay institutional placement
For residents in, or individuals at risk of placement in, I.C.F./M.R.
Individuals of all ages eligible
Children's Home Care Option (TEFRA)
Must be 18 years of age or younger
Provides home care comparable to that provided in a medical institution
The cost for home care cannot exceed the cost of institutional care
Parental contribution required
Only the usual Medical Assistance is provided
Prior Authorization
Before the service is rendered, provider must receive:
- Written approval
- Authorization number
Services and equipment must:
-"be medically necessary (as determined by the prevailing medical community standards or customary practice and usage)
-be appropriate and effective to the medical needs of the recipient
-be timely considering the nature and present state of recipients medical condition
-be furnished by a provider with appropriate credentials
-be least expensive appropriate alternative health service available; and
-represent an effective and appropriate use of program funds."
Appeals
Learn the appeals process for the agency with whom you are dealing.
Find out exactly who to talk with - who is in charge of the appeals process? "Be nice! Sugar and honey vs vinegar, etc."
Generally:
Contact the appeals unit in writing within 30 days of receiving denial notice (within 90 days if good cause).
Include: -Name
-Address
-Reason for appeal
Example: My provider requested prior authorization for a power wheelchair for my son James (M.A. "12345") on January 15, 1991. The application was denied. I request a hearing.
Submit to: Appeals Division
Department of Human Services
Street Address
City, State, Zip
A hearing date will be assigned.
Contact a legal services office if you feel you need assistance.
Take appropriate documentation to prove the device is medically necessary. Documentation may include: evidence from physician, therapist, psychologist, etc.
Witnesses: Evidence from a physician, therapist, psychologist, etc. may be presented in person or through a conference call.
If possible and appropriate, the person who is applying for the device should attend the hearing.
If you have questions, contact a legal service office, the TRAID Project, the TRE Center or:
General Notes
_______________________________________________________________
The agency with whom you are dealing should (and in many cases, must) notify providers within 30 working days of receipt of all required information of action taken on the prior authorization request.
Recipients must be notified of denials of prior authorization request within 30 working days of the agency's receipt of all necessary information.
Expect the agency to request additional information at any time during this 6 week period. The provider then has 20 working days to submit the information, which is then treated as a new prior authorization request (the 6 week period begins again).
A prior authorization request should not immediately be denied due to lack of information.
If neither the provider nor the recipient has received any response within 6 weeks, contact the agency for a status check.
Medical Necessity
______________________________________________________________
"A health service that is consistent with recipient's diagnosis or condition and:
•is recognized as the prevailing standard or current practice by the provider's peer group; and
•is rendered in response to a life-threatening condition or pain; or to treat an injury, illness, or infection; or to treat a condition that could result in serious physical or mental disability; or to care for a mother and child through the maternity period; or to achieve a level of physical or mental function consistent with prevailing community standards for a diagnosis or a condition or;
•is a preventative health service."
Standards for Durable Medical Equipment (DME)
_______________________________________________________________
The following documentation is required from medical suppliers for all durable medical equipment (DME) that need prior authorization (PA):
•A completed Prior Authorization form
•A Medical Doctor (M.D.) order signed, dated within the past two months for the requested item(s) including any special adaptations.
Justification of medical necessity to include:
•All diagnoses
•Functional deficit(s) which may indicate a need for the requested equipment. The assessment may be made by either an M.D. or registered physical therapist.
•Outcome of trial use in the home or a comparable setting verifying that large, heavy and/or bulky equipment such as patient lifts, wheelchairs, hospital beds, and respiratory equipment which might create space or mobility problems are advisable for home use.
•A description of a patient's present functional status, and anticipated functional status with the use of this equipment.
•For recipients in long-term care facilities, justification that this equipment is necessary for the continuation and exclusive use of the recipient to meet an unusual medical need, and how this item is customized to meet this need;
•A plan to instruct the patient and caregiver on safe and competent use and care of the equipment
•An estimate of the length of time the equipment will be necessary; and,
•Documentation showing that all less costly alternatives to the requested equipment have been tried or considered & why they are not satisfactory.
Information from the vendor to include:
•A determination for the recipients eligibility for part B Medicare or other third party payer. If medicaid denied Part B billing, provide a copy of the review request and final Medicare appeal determination.
•An equipment purchase and rental history for all known similar durable medical equipment the recipient has used in the past, including dates of rental and purchase, nature of repairs, and costs.
•Dates for which you are seeking prior authorization."
FUNDING STEPS: Parents and Service Providers
_______________________________________________________________
Obtain technology evaluation/consultation for your child from competent team or individual. Find a service you're comfortable with. TRE Center or Advocate's Office TRAID Project can help you locate service providers in your area.
Locate a funding advocate.
Start with the primary funding sources.
Gather supportive materials (evaluations, IEP) to determine what's been done and in what environment(s).
Document all originals, steps, and contacts.
Submit your request -- use appropriate jargon.
Set time limit.
Appeal if necessary.
Be patient! Set realistic expectations for timelines
FUNDING STEPS: Agency Administrators
How do I How do I plan ahead to budget for changes and improvements in assistive technology and maximize our existing resources?
•Know assistive technology requirements/definitions.
•Know range of lo- to hi- tech devices available "out there"
>Sensory Enhancers: aug comm aid; braille printer
>Keyboard Adaptations: mouse; touchscreen.
>Environmental Controls: switches, pressure plates
>Instructional Technology Use: software, telecommunications
•Know benefits of Assistive Technology to Students with Disabilities and Their Families.
•Become aware of the issues affecting the way you provide these benefits.
•Help all persons [especially key decision makers and planning team members] to be aware of available assistive technology and the impact it can have on the lives of people who need it. (B. Romich, 1993)
•Use criteria for referral and assessment to determine student needs.
•Predict # of students who may require assistive technology services, devices, or both. (See the TRE Center's Assistive Technology Checklist)
•Know range of costs that may be involved . . .
-TRE recommended from $0 to $230 to $5311
-N=75: Avg cost, all systems recommended=$1916
. . . and know that these costs are wholly dependent upon individual student needs and agency's use of existing resources.
•Know the costs of not providing Assistive Technology.
•With Computer & Staff Development Coordinators:
Inventory Equipment, Devices, Software
Survey Staff Resources: Training/experience in AT
Survey Staff: training needs (Part of CSPD)
Determine difference between the "is" & the "ought"
•Use the TRE Center's "Suggested Guidelines" document for suggestions on how to form a plan to match resources & student needs and implement the requirements and definitions of Assistive Technology
•Know potential Federal (IDEA) funding sources:
P.L. 94-142 (Part B) P.L. 99-457 (Part H) P.L. 89-313
•Other Sources of Funding:
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Independent Living Services VESID Private Health insurance
Medicaid/Medicare
Gifts/Endowments/trusts
Grants
Physically Handicapped Children's Program (PHCP)
•. . . for Children Under 4
SSI Medicaid
Part H Head Start
P.L. 89-313 Child Maternal Health Block Grant (Title V, SS Act)
How do I keep current with Assistive Technology?
•Call on TRE & other local resources for assistance.
•TRE Newsletter subscription
•TRE Regional Training
•On-site Staff Development; e.g., 1 hr awareness
•Call Office of Advocate for Disabled: 800-522-4369
•Build Links with other Service Providers in your region and at the State Level - attend meetings of Regional Assistive Technology Service Provider Groups in your Area. For more info, contact the TRE Center.
Points to Remember:
_______________________________________________________________
•What is the main purpose of the device?
•Approach sources in the proper order.
•Before applying: Learn how the system works & learn how to work the system.
•Combine funding sources
• Keep all records and make copies of correspondence.
•Appeal if denied.
__________________________________________________________
Assistive Technology Funding Bibliography
Church, G. and Glennen, S. (1992). The Handbook of Assistive Technology. San Diego, CA.: Singular Publishing Group Inc.
Council of Administrators of Special Education, Inc. (1992-1993). CASE Future Agenda for Special Education: Creating a Unified Education System.
_____. (1992). Discussion of the Issues & Options. Case Research Issues & Policy Options.
_____. (1992). Issues & Policy Options in Special Education. Guide to Discussion & Response.
Dempsey, Samuel, & Fuchs, Douglas. (1993). "Flat" Versus "Weighted" Reimbursement Formulas: A Longitudinal Analysis of Statewide Special Education Funding Practices. Exceptional Children, 59(5), 433-443.
DePape, Donna J. (1988). Guidelines For Seeking Funding For Communication Aids.
Goolrick, Faye. (1993). Funding Classroom Technology. EduQuest.
Grapka, David L. (1992). Funding of Assistive Technology Devices: The Role of the Pre-School Administrator in Working with Parents of Children with Disabilities.
Gallagher Holmes, Ellen, Esq. & McNutt, Briar. (1992). Creating Financial Incentives For The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities.
Hofmann, Anna. (1994). The Many Faces of Funding.
Hopfengardner Warren, Sandra & McLaughlin, Margaret J. (1992). Issues & Options In Reconstructing Schools and Special Education Programs.
Mendelsohn, Steven, JD. (1991). Advocacy, Funding, and Legislation Technology Issues for the 1990s. Technology and Disability, 1(1), 55-68.
National Rehabilitation Information Center. (1989). Reimbursing Adaptive Technology. NARIC Quarterly, 2(4).
National Association of State Boards of Education. (1992). The Report of the NASBE Study Group on Special Education. Winners All: A Call for Inclusive Schools.
National Council on Disability. (1993). A Report to the President and the Congress of the United States. Sharing the Risk and Ensuring Independence: A Disability Perspective on Access to Health Insurance and Health-Related Services.
____. (1993). A Report to the President and the Congress of the United States. Study on the Financing of Assistive Technology Devices and Services for Individuals with Disabilities.
National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities. (1991). Related Services for School-Aged Children with Disabilities. NICHCY News Digest, 1(2).
_____. (1989). NICHCY News Digest, (13).
New York State Commission on Quality of Care for the Mentally Disabled and New York State Department of Health. A Family Guide for the New York State Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities. Your Family Rights.
New York State Education Department. (1993). New York State Plan for Education of Students with Disabilities. Albany: University of the State of New York.
New York State Education Department. (1993). Opportunity and Independence: Meeting the Needs of New Yorkers with Disabilities. The Final Report of the Regents Select Commission on Disability. Albany: University of the State of New York.
RESNA. (1991). Assistive Technology: A Funding Workbook. Part I. A Road Map To Funding Sources & Part II. An Outline of Federal Laws and Rules.
Reynolds, William E. (1991). Guidelines: Augmentative Communication Systems (ACS). New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Standards Development.
Rogers, Joy J. (1993). Third Party Billing for Special Education: Panacea or Mirage? Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
Ruggles, Virginia. (date unknown). Funding of Non-vocal Communication Aids: Current Issues and Strategies.
Segan, Dr. Phillip. (date unknown). Winning Competitive Funds by Writing Winning Proposals. Sundance Educational Issues. Littleton: Pharos Books.
Swift Parrino, Sandra. (1993). Recommendations for Financing Assistive Technology in the United States. Technology and Disability, 2(2), 50-56.
Tucker, B. and Goldstein, B.A. (1991). Legal Rights of Persons with Disabilities: An Analysis of Federal Law. Horsham, PA.: LRP Publications